Mpox, formerly identified as monkeypox, has emerged as a concern globally, particularly within the United States. Initially linked to particular regions in Africa, the virus demands attention due to its classification as a public health emergency. Understanding mpox’s nature and spread helps in maintaining control and preventing further outbreaks.
The renaming of monkeypox to mpox in November 2022 was a pivotal step to adopt non-stigmatizing language. As a viral disease, it shares characteristics with smallpox, but typically with less severe outcomes. However, awareness about its transmission, especially among at-risk groups, is crucial in combating its spread.
Overview of Mpox
Mpox, known formerly as monkeypox, is a viral illness attributed to infection by the monkeypox virus. In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified an outbreak as a public health emergency internationally. Originating in Africa, this virus is closely related to the smallpox virus. The disease manifests with pimple-like lesions and flu-like symptoms, including fever, and fatalities are rare.
Mode of Transmission
Mpox primarily spreads through close contact, which includes touching lesions, or sharing fabrics or objects contaminated by lesions or fluids. It may also be contracted through respiratory droplets during close face-to-face interactions. Additionally, transmission can occur from mother to fetus via the placenta. Despite these transmission modes, mpox is not classified typically as a sexually transmitted disease. The CDC indicated that the majority of U.S. cases in 2022 were among men who have sex with men.
Historical Context
Discovered in 1958 following outbreaks in laboratory monkeys in Copenhagen, Denmark, mpox saw its first human case in 1970 in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Notably, the U.S. experienced an outbreak in 2003 linked to pet prairie dogs imported from Ghana, showcasing mpox’s potential to spread beyond its traditional African confines. International cases often correlate with either travel or importation of infected animals.
2022 Outbreak Tracking
On July 16, 2021, the CDC and Dallas health officials revealed an mpox case in a traveller from Nigeria. By May 17, 2022, the first U.S. case in this outbreak had been confirmed in Massachusetts. WHO reported a 3-6% mortality rate during this outbreak. Vaccination efforts began on May 23, 2022, and by June, enhanced testing capacities were introduced. Throughout July, vaccine distribution accelerated across the U.S., highlighting the urgency of the situation.
Government Response and Vaccination Strategy
The Biden administration declared a national public health emergency by August 2022, enhancing access to the Jynneos vaccine. This vaccine, typically used for smallpox, was repurposed to combat mpox. Modifications in the administration method by August 9 enabled a broader distribution, using smaller, more effective doses. By August’s end, over 1.8 million doses had been allocated, particularly in areas hosting significant LGBTQI+ events.
Public Awareness and Health Strategies
Public health campaigns underscored the importance of vaccination, especially for high-risk groups, and rigorous testing. Outreach expanded with the establishment of mpox vaccination clinics and coordinated efforts in major cities. Through strategic communication, health agencies sought to enhance public understanding of mpox transmission and prevention. Despite the initial panic, these measures effectively curbed the virus’s spread in many communities.
Long-term Impact and Recent Developments
On May 11, 2023, WHO declared that the mpox outbreak no longer posed a global health emergency. This declaration followed successful containment efforts and routine vaccination campaigns. By October 2023, CDC advised a vaccination regime for certain high-risk individuals, aiming to integrate it as part of regular sexual health protocols. These ongoing strategies represent a proactive approach to preventing future outbreaks.
The management of mpox in recent years reflects the preparedness and adaptability of health systems. By understanding its transmission and promoting vaccination, society can effectively mitigate threats posed by such viral outbreaks.
